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href="javascript:void(0);"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></nav><div id="post-info"><h1 class="post-title">“物理层”学习提纲</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2022-07-30T09:20:52.000Z" title="发表于 2022-07-30 17:20:52">2022-07-30</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2023-04-12T09:08:43.060Z" title="更新于 2023-04-12 17:08:43">2023-04-12</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C/">计算机网络</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="“物理层”学习提纲"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa-solid fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h1><p>计算机网络的知识抽象、晦涩、不易理解并记忆，在此对“物理层”一章中重点知识总结成提纲。</p>
<hr>
<h1 id="通信基础"><a href="#通信基础" class="headerlink" title="通信基础"></a>通信基础</h1><h2 id="物理层的基本概念"><a href="#物理层的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="物理层的基本概念"></a>物理层的基本概念</h2><ul>
<li>数据、信号、码元</li>
<li>速率&#x2F;数据率&#x2F;数据传输速率、比特率&#x2F;信息速率&#x2F;信息传输速率、波特率&#x2F;码元传输速率&#x2F;波形速率&#x2F;符号速率&#x2F;调制速率、带宽</li>
<li>奈奎斯特定理&#x2F;奈氏准则、香农定理</li>
<li>调制、编码</li>
<li>信源、信道、信宿</li>
<li>电路交换、报文交换、分组交换</li>
<li>数据报、虚电路</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="数据-信号的类型"><a href="#数据-信号的类型" class="headerlink" title="数据&#x2F;信号的类型"></a>数据&#x2F;信号的类型</h2><ul>
<li>模拟</li>
<li>数字</li>
</ul>
<p>另：</p>
<ul>
<li>基带信号</li>
<li>频带&#x2F;宽带信号</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="数据的传输方式"><a href="#数据的传输方式" class="headerlink" title="数据的传输方式"></a>数据的传输方式</h2><ul>
<li>串行</li>
<li>并行</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="模拟数据调制为模拟信号的方式"><a href="#模拟数据调制为模拟信号的方式" class="headerlink" title="模拟数据调制为模拟信号的方式"></a>模拟数据调制为模拟信号的方式</h2><p>可使用技术：</p>
<ul>
<li>频分复用（FDM）</li>
<li>时分复用（TDM）</li>
<li>码分复用（CDM）</li>
<li>空分复用（SDM）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="模拟数据编码为数字信号的方式"><a href="#模拟数据编码为数字信号的方式" class="headerlink" title="模拟数据编码为数字信号的方式"></a>模拟数据编码为数字信号的方式</h2><p>脉冲编码调制（PCM）的过程：</p>
<ol>
<li>采样</li>
<li>量化</li>
<li>编码</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h2 id="数字数据调制为模拟信号的方式"><a href="#数字数据调制为模拟信号的方式" class="headerlink" title="数字数据调制为模拟信号的方式"></a>数字数据调制为模拟信号的方式</h2><ul>
<li>幅移键控（ASK）</li>
<li>频移键控（FSK）</li>
<li>（绝对）相移键控（PSK）</li>
<li>相对&#x2F;差分相移键控（DPSK）</li>
<li>正交振幅调制（QAM）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="数字数据编码为数字信号的方式"><a href="#数字数据编码为数字信号的方式" class="headerlink" title="数字数据编码为数字信号的方式"></a>数字数据编码为数字信号的方式</h2><ul>
<li>归零编码（RZ）</li>
<li>非归零编码（NRZ）</li>
<li>反向非归零编码（NRZI）——USB 2.0使用</li>
<li>曼彻斯特编码——以太网使用</li>
<li>差分曼彻斯特编码</li>
<li>4B&#x2F;5B编码</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="通信系统的组成"><a href="#通信系统的组成" class="headerlink" title="通信系统的组成"></a>通信系统的组成</h2><ul>
<li>信源</li>
<li>信道</li>
<li>信宿</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="信道的类型"><a href="#信道的类型" class="headerlink" title="信道的类型"></a>信道的类型</h2><p>依据传输信号类型：</p>
<ul>
<li>模拟信道</li>
<li>数字信道</li>
</ul>
<p>依据传输介质：</p>
<ul>
<li>有线信道</li>
<li>无线信道</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="通信的交互方式"><a href="#通信的交互方式" class="headerlink" title="通信的交互方式"></a>通信的交互方式</h2><p>依据方向、时序：</p>
<ul>
<li>单工</li>
<li>半双工</li>
<li>全双工</li>
</ul>
<p>依据时序：</p>
<ul>
<li>同步：全网同步，准同步</li>
<li>异步</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="数据交换的方式"><a href="#数据交换的方式" class="headerlink" title="数据交换的方式"></a>数据交换的方式</h2><ul>
<li>电路交换</li>
<li>报文交换</li>
<li>分组交换</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="电路交换的过程"><a href="#电路交换的过程" class="headerlink" title="电路交换的过程"></a>电路交换的过程</h2><ol>
<li>连接建立</li>
<li>数据传输</li>
<li>连接释放</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h2 id="分组交换中虚电路方式通信的过程"><a href="#分组交换中虚电路方式通信的过程" class="headerlink" title="分组交换中虚电路方式通信的过程"></a>分组交换中虚电路方式通信的过程</h2><ol>
<li>虚电路建立</li>
<li>数据传输</li>
<li>虚电路释放</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h1 id="传输介质-媒体"><a href="#传输介质-媒体" class="headerlink" title="传输介质&#x2F;媒体"></a>传输介质&#x2F;媒体</h1><h2 id="传输介质-媒体的类型"><a href="#传输介质-媒体的类型" class="headerlink" title="传输介质&#x2F;媒体的类型"></a>传输介质&#x2F;媒体的类型</h2><p>依据有无导向：</p>
<ul>
<li>导向传输介质&#x2F;媒体</li>
<li>非导向传输介质&#x2F;媒体</li>
</ul>
<p>依据有无线：</p>
<ul>
<li>有线传输介质&#x2F;媒体</li>
<li>无线传输介质&#x2F;媒体</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="传输介质-媒体实例"><a href="#传输介质-媒体实例" class="headerlink" title="传输介质&#x2F;媒体实例"></a>传输介质&#x2F;媒体实例</h2><ul>
<li>双绞线：屏蔽双绞线（STP），非屏蔽双绞线（UTP）</li>
<li>同轴电缆：50Ω同轴电缆&#x2F;基带同轴电缆，75Ω同轴电缆&#x2F;宽带&#x2F;频带同轴电缆</li>
<li>光导纤维&#x2F;光纤：单模光纤，多模光纤</li>
<li>无线电波</li>
<li>微波</li>
<li>红外线</li>
<li>激光</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="物理层接口的特性"><a href="#物理层接口的特性" class="headerlink" title="物理层接口的特性"></a>物理层接口的特性</h2><ul>
<li>机械特性</li>
<li>电气特性</li>
<li>功能特性</li>
<li>过程&#x2F;规程特性</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="物理层设备"><a href="#物理层设备" class="headerlink" title="物理层设备"></a>物理层设备</h1><h2 id="物理层设备实例"><a href="#物理层设备实例" class="headerlink" title="物理层设备实例"></a>物理层设备实例</h2><ul>
<li>转发器</li>
<li>中继器</li>
<li>集线器（Hub）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><p>计算机网络的知识抽象、晦涩、不易理解并记忆，在此对“物理层”一章中重点知识总结成提纲。</p>
<hr>
<h1 id="参考资料"><a href="#参考资料" class="headerlink" title="参考资料"></a>参考资料</h1><ul>
<li>《2023年计算机网络考研复习指导》组编：王道论坛</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="作者的话"><a href="#作者的话" class="headerlink" title="作者的话"></a>作者的话</h1><ul>
<li><strong>感谢参考资料的作者&#x2F;博主</strong></li>
<li>作者：夜悊</li>
<li>版权所有，转载请注明出处，谢谢~</li>
<li><strong>如果文章对你有帮助，请点个赞或加个粉丝吧，你的支持就是作者的动力~</strong></li>
<li>文章在描述时有疑惑的地方，请留言，定会一一耐心讨论、解答</li>
<li>文章在认识上有错误的地方, 敬请批评指正</li>
<li>望读者们都能有所收获</li>
</ul>
<hr>
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toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">通信基础</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">物理层的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE-%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">数据&#x2F;信号的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">数据的传输方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BA%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">模拟数据调制为模拟信号的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E4%B8%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">模拟数据编码为数字信号的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BA%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">数字数据调制为模拟信号的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E4%B8%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">数字数据编码为数字信号的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90"><span class="toc-number">2.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">通信系统的组成</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">信道的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.10.</span> <span class="toc-text">通信的交互方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.11.</span> <span class="toc-text">数据交换的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.12.</span> <span class="toc-text">电路交换的过程</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E8%99%9A%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.13.</span> <span class="toc-text">分组交换中虚电路方式通信的过程</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8-%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">传输介质&#x2F;媒体</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8-%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">传输介质&#x2F;媒体的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8-%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">传输介质&#x2F;媒体实例</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">物理层接口的特性</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">物理层设备</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">物理层设备实例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">总结</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考资料</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%9D"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">作者的话</span></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></main><footer id="footer" style="background-image: url('/img/cover19.png')"><div id="footer-wrap"><div class="copyright">&copy;2023 - 2025 By 夜悊</div><div class="footer_custom_text"><a target="_blank" href="https://beian.miit.gov.cn/" >琼ICP备2023001225号-1</a><br><img src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/beian.png"/>&nbsp<a target="_blank" href="https://www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=46010802001221" >琼公网安备 46010802001221号</a></div></div></footer></div><div id="rightside"><div id="rightside-config-hide"><button id="translateLink" type="button" title="简繁转换">繁</button><button id="readmode" type="button" title="阅读模式"><i 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